This reflective essay is centred on pain assessment

This reflective essay is centred on nuisance sagacityFor the offer of the case study I intend to occasion Gibbs(1998) model of censure as this model is clear, precise allowing for description, analysis and evaluation of the experience, then prompts the practician to formulate an action throw to improve their practice in future(Jasper, 2003).Wilkinson (2007) identifies judgment as the first phase of the breast feeding process in which a reserve accustoms their cognition and sk poorly(predicate)s to express human caring. It is most-valu up to(p) to choose an set up and systematic nestle when caring out an surveyment that enhances your ability to issue all the information needed to fully images someones heath status (Alfaro-Le Fevre,2004) .This do- nonhing be achieved by obtaining your information form medical record and nurse charts by somatogenic examination of the long-suffering and also talking to longanimous and their families(Wilkinson,2007). The use of object ive data is more helpful in compendium information when the tolerant is ventilated and sedated, as they atomic number 18 often in the detailed c are setting, and this rear end be done by examining the patients resilient sign, blood pressure, heart rate, temperature and blood forgets (Bulman and Schutz 2004).I work chosen botheration judgment in post- operative ventilated patient. I have worked in ICU for 4 years during this succession I have nurse many post- operative breathing machine patients who were on continuous infusion of sedatives and analgesics. many an(prenominal) of them showed signs of inadequate distressingness in the ass break and associated complications. Having under defyn this module I further amend myself in this field of nursing appraisal I now know, or rather have an im be knowledge base and understanding of the antithetic aspects of fuss estimate tools and recognize the possibility that I have plausibly nursed many more patients who were de monstrating symptoms of inadequate analgesia and associated complications. Given an transfer magnitude sensory faculty and knowledge I have gained through teaching, research and current lit on this topic I now, also recognise the importance of this perspicacity practice in particular in coincidence to the ventilated, non- handd patients in ICU. consort to International Association for the Study of bother (IASP,1979) disoblige is described as unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or strength tissue damage. Clinically trouble is whatever the person says he or she is experiencing whenever he or she says it does (Mc Caffery 1979) .Appropriate irritation assessment is crucial to imposition rulement. Patients self- fib is the gold standard of disquiet assessment. However nuisance tools that rely on communicatory self-report may non be appropriate for using non- verbal ventilated sedated patients in ICU. Pain assessment tool used in our critic al business organization setting is based on a numeric bother rating spend a penny from 0-4, a sum up of 0 creation no pain at all and 4 being the castigate pain ever experienced. thither is also a visual parallel of latitude scale for patients who have difficulty communicating, they potentiometer indicate by look at the chart and pointing at both the happy face that has no pain or a series of faces showing different stages of pain (appendix trey). These tools were chosen by the specialised pain compassionate nurses working for the trust. The tools are favoured as they provide nurses with a quick, easy assessment. They are used widely throughout the trust to provide continuity of pain assessment.Both of these tools have turn out in(predicate) in practice and are brooked by the literary works as being reli competent and high-fidelity in practice. However they view greatly on the patient being equal to express themselves or communicate verbally with the practitione r .Using these methods of pain assessment is not accurate on sedated patients with altered conscious level. In nonverbal patients the use of behavioral or physiological indicators are strongly recommended for detection of pain (Jacobi et al 2006).The patient in critical feel for may experience pain from many sources. Along with physical pain, psychological factors such as fear, anguish and sleep disturbances may play a significant role in patients overall pain experience (Macintyre and Ready 2002). Urden et al (2010) states, pain can be crisp or chronic, sensations are different in relation to its origin. Acute pain-duration is short corresponds to the healing process, ranges surrounded by 30 days to 6 months. Chronic pain lasts more than 3 to 6 months and can either or not associated with an unfitness. Somatic pain is well localised sharp, acute pain arising from skin, muscle, joints. Visceral pain refers to the deep, ill localized arising from an organ. Nociceptive pain occu rs when inflammation stimulates pain receptors ( Urden et al 2010). Pain experienced in critical care patients are mostly acute and has multiple origins.Mr. smith a 45 year old gentleman admitted to ICU following Laparotomy for wee bowel perforation and faecal peritonitis. Mr Smith was cardiovascularly unstable and was unable to be extubated instanter subsequently surgery referable to secondary sepsis. He was receiving an infusion of Propofol and Fentanyl to bear him comfortable and provide analgesia. His medical notes revealed his past medical history of precedent Cholecystectomy for gall bladder stones and biliary obstruction. I was assigned to nurse him on his second day in ICU. During handover the previous cater member account that Mr. Smith became very stir up and hypertensive soon after he was repositioned to his side. Mr. Smith was given a bolus dose of Propofol infusion and the rate of excerption adjoind. Whilst doing the Patient assessment I find Mr Smith is re stless and not compliant with the ventilator. Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) performed which showed Mr. Smith is hypodermic syringe ventilating. lag Mr. Smith became more stir up with escalating non- submission with ventilator and significant increase in his Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) which was being monitored continuously by the arterial line and transducer. He was showing facial grimaces and moving his extremities restlessly. I try to reassure him by talking to him, reorientating him to time, place and person, explaining to him that he is safe. Adam and Osbourne (2005) identifies that critically ill patients frequently require help with coping with many of the stresses want physical discomfort, isolation, fear of pain and death. By using strategies interchangeable communicate caring and understanding and provide information reiterately and in commensurate detail for the patient etc. helps the patient to cope with the stress. But repeated reassurance and reorienting has not mad e any improvements in his current status.Pain is an important caper in critical care and its detection is a priority. Pain assessment is vital to detect pain (Urden 2010). Pooler-Lunse and Price(1992) emphasises that critically ill patients who are unable to communicate effectively are at high try of suffering from pain. Poorly controlled pain can stress the sympathetic uneasy system leaving vulnerable patients at risk of complication and can compromise recuperation and negatively affect both morbidity and mortality(Puntillo et al 2004, Dracup and Bryan- Brown 1995).Mr Smith was ventilated and due to the effect of sedatives his level of understanding was altered. In critical care factors alter verbal communication is mechanistic ventilation, administration of sedative agents and the patients change in level of consciousness (Hamill-Ruth R J, Marohn L 1999 ,Kwekkeboom K L, Herr K 2001,Shannon K, Bucknall T 2003). The consequences of untreated acute pain in critically ill patien ts include increases in catecholamine and stress endocrine levels which are potential causes of tachycardia, hypertension, increased group O requirements and decreased tissue perfusion (Blakely and page 2001, Hamill-Ruth and Marohn 1991). Mr Smith was increasingly hypertensive and tachycardia. Despite giving increased oxygenation Mr.Smith was hypo ventilating due to non- abidance to the ventilator.Marshall and Soucy(2003) identifies turbulence is a common problem in critically ill patients and has been shown to be associated with inadequate pain management. fervour can have serious consequences with patience removing access lines compromising their oxygen needs by self extubating (Cohen et al 2002).Following discussion with the nurse in charge of the shift it was apparent that Mr. Smith was showing behavioral signs of pain. There were no other obvious debates as to why he had become compromised with his ventilation.When I approached the medical team concerning Mr.Smiths incr easing agitation and non- compliance to ventilation I was instructed to give a bolus of propofol and fentanyl and to increase the rate of propofol and fentanyl until Mr Smith was deemed medically manageable. I was decided to increase Mr.Smiths ventilatory support. Following the manipulation Mr Smith became more than more stable, he became less tachypoenic was synchronising with the ventilator his blood pressure was within acceptable limits and monitoring in venous sinus rhythm.The clinician did not assess Mr Smith for signs of inadequate pain management. Unfortunately due to hypoventilation and non-compliance to mechanical ventilation, Mr Smith had to be remained on high levels of ventilation and increased levels of sedatives for the next a couple of(prenominal) hours emphasising evidence by Pooler-Lunse and Price(1992), the physiological complications associated with pain including pneumonic complications and increased cardiac workload as well as drop-off and anxiety and incr eased days of hospital stay(Desbians et al 1996).Upon further coefficient of reflection I should have noted Mr Smiths agitation associated with inadequate pain reprieve. Had I been knowledgeable in this field Mr.Smiths agitation and physiological signs of restlessness and facial grimaces would have prompted me to carry out a detailed pain assessment. Had at that place been a behavioural pain assessment scale on the social unit where I work that may have prompted me carry out the assessment and linked these signs as indicators of inadequate pain relief.During my further assessment of Mr.Smith I had various thoughts and recoverings which included feeling apprehensive and self-doubt regarding the decision to increase drugging and ventilator support. Whilst reviewing his past medication history I noticed that Mr Smith had been on stiff analgesics which are co-codomol and paracetamol and on that point was no interpretation for their use in his notes. Fink R (2000) recognises that reviewing patients past pain experiences and how did he or she usually react to it can be of good measure out when assessing pain and can help to decide treatment options ,by questioning patients family or significant other can provide us the information close to patients pain history. Later during the visiting hours Mrs Smith came to visit Mr Smith. I have given her a brief update of his condition including the changes made to his sedation and ventilation. Then I enquired to Mrs Smith some the indication of those analgesics he was on .She revealed that Mr.Smith true back pain when he discharged to home after undergone cholecystectomy six months ago and he was prescribed those analgesics by his G.P(General Practitioner). She also mentioned that he had problems getting optimal pain relief post operatively rase when he had cholecystectomy, and he would not tolerate lying on his sides. This co-related his agitation and restlessness happened when the night staff turned him to his side.I notified these things to the ICU doctors and increase my concern that lack of adequate pain management could be the reason for Mr Smiths earlier agitation. They also agreed on this possibility and advised to change fentanyl infusion to remifentanyl and to adjust the rate of the infusion to keep Mr Smiths pain relief optimal. Remifentanyl is potent analgesics, so ensure the patient is pain free just now prevents over sedating the patient, allows rapid arousal and recovery from sedation thus facilitates workaday sedation holds and neurological assessment( Dhaba et al 2004). He was also prescribed regular paracetamol and Tramadol when required. It was then decided to reduce Mr.Smiths sedation as he was haemodynamically stable, he was then able to respond and started following commands. Mr. Smith was now able to communicate if he had pain or not by squeeze play my hand to command.Invasive technology can restrict the reliance on many behavioural indicators of pain (Bucknall an d Shannon 2003) on the other hand it is argued that encroaching(a) lines enables constant monitoring of blood pressure (B.P) and heart rate (H.R), deuce commonly utilised indicators of pain and thus help to assess pain (Bucknall and Shannon 2003) .Even though Mr Smith was hypertensive and tachycardic this was presumed to be due to agitation. In a contradicting statement Bucknall and Shannon(2003) points out that the sympathetic symptoms i.e. Increasing B.P and H.R are also been gear up to be unreliable. Pooler-Lunse and Price (1992) emphasises that the Para sympathetic stimulation can result in less observable signs with prolonged pain, but pain loudness remains unchanged. The American Society for Pain Management Nursing (ASPMN) recommendations cited in Herr k et al ( 2002) emphasises that vital signs can be affected by other distress conditions, homeostatic changes and medications there for they should not be considered as primary indicators of pain.With conflicting evidence it is difficult to make decisions that best support this assessment practice.Anand K J S,Craig K (1996), Herr K et al (2006) states that behavioural indicators are strongly recommended for pain assessment in non- verbal patients , few tools have been developed and tested in critically ill patients. The behavioural Pain Scale (bits per second) and the Critical palm Pain Observation implement (CPOT) are suggested and supported by experts for using uncommunicative critically ill patients (Li-D, Puntillo, Sessler 2008). BPS was tested and validated exclusively in ventilated, unconscious patients (Payen et al 2001,Young G 2006, Aissaoui Y et al 2005).The Behavioural Pain Scale (BPS) includes three behaviours 1) facial expression 2)movements of upper limbs3)compliance with the ventilator. Each behaviour is rated on a scale from 1 to 4 for a possible total score from 3 to 12. The BPS can be used quickly (2 to 5 minutes), most clinicians were satisfied with its ease of use (Payen et al 2001) . The Critical Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT) was tested in verbal and non- verbal critically ill adults (Gelinas C 2006,2007) its content validity supported by ICU experts including nurses and physicians (Gelinas C 2009). CPOT includes four behaviours 1) facial expression 2) body movements 3) compliance with the ventilator 4) muscle tension. Each behaviour is rated from 0 to 2 for a possible score of 0 to 8.Gelinas C and Hammond reports that feasibility and clinical public-service corporation of CPOT were positively evaluated by ICU nurses and agree it is easy to complete, simplicity to understand the usefulness for nursing practice.My experience of using a behavioural pain scale tool is limited, however I feel that if practitioners were able to assess pain more accurately then they would be able to manage there patients pain more effectively.Use of a behavioural pain score (BPS) evaluating facial expressions, limb movement and compliance with the ventilator has proved to be a valid reliable tool in practice. A recent study evaluating the reliability and use of the BPS consistently set increases in pain scores after repositioning patients in the ICU. There were only small non- specific changes in the BPS after non agonized intervention of eye care (Gelinas etal 2006).I nursed Mr Smith again 5 days later. He had since been extubated and was alert and oriented. Even though he could not remember the events when he was ventilated and sedated, he learned from his wife what had happened. He was very thankful to me for investigating the possible reason for his agitated behaviour and prompting the doctors about this and thus provide him adequate pain relief.Upon further reflection and evaluation of my assessment of Mr.Smith I feel there have been positive and negative aspects of the assessment. The positive aspects include- I have been able to gain further knowledge in various aspects and tools of pain assessment .By reviewing patients medical notes and gaini ng history from his wife I have linked his agitated behaviour and taken the possibility that these are signs of inadequate pain relief and I have managed to convince the medical team regarding this in wander to act on it. Current research identifies multidisciplinary collaboration provides optimum care for the patient (Bucknall T, Shannon K 2003), this emphasises the need to perform regular, accurate pain assessment and care full documentation (Bucknall T, Shannon K 2003).When considering the negative aspects of my assessment I feel I did not use a holistic approach instead I considered Mr.Smiths agitated behaviour as a physical problem, I was concentrated to treat the symptoms and not the patient. As described in Roper Tinney L(1989) assessment tools achieving patient centred nursing is important. I could not bring out Mr.Smiths behavioural indicators of pain primarily due to my lack of knowledge about this assessment tool as well as there was no unit assessment protocol which in cludes the behavioural assessment scale, Unfortunately this is not isolated, it is in fact a universal problem .Camp (1998) points out that like many speciality nurse critical care nurses and physicians recognises that there bedrock education was insufficient for caring for patients in pain.Accurate detection of the critically ill patients pain is not an easy task for ICU nurses curiously when the patient is unable to self-report because of mechanical ventilation or due to the cause of sedatives. Stanton (1991) argues that pain assessment and management may be significantly meliorate by enhancing nurses knowledge combined with improved communication of the problem. NMC(2008)emphasises that having appropriate knowledge, skills and stead towards pain, pain assessment and its management is meaty to provide optimum patient care.Use of pain assessment tools is highly recommended by Kaiser(1992), identifies that an effective pain assessment tool as part of the documentation improves communication between patients and nurses as well as nurses and medical staff. Even though we had a pain assessment tool (0 to 4 numeric pain assessment scale) due its limitations on the use in non-communicative patients it was not contributing much in patients pain management. The previous practitioner documented the patients pain score is Unable to assess as the patient is sedated and ventilated. This highlights the inappropriate use of our pain tool currently being used in practice as a patient is unable to verbalise or communicate their pain if they are sedated and ventilated. Although todays guidelines strongly suggest that the use of a standardised behavioural pain scale to nurses who care for uncommunicative patients, further research is fluent needed to fully understand the behavioural and physiological responses of critically ill patients who are experiencing pain (Herr K et al 2008).On reflection my underpinning knowledge and confidence in this country of assessment has developed tremendously. I feel that I have gained knowledge and insight into an important patient assessment, from an initial lack of sufficient knowledge I am now able to bring evidence based practice in the clinical eye socket which will benefit the patient and my colleagues. By understanding the physiology, pain assessment tools and the complications of poorly managed pain, I will have the knowledge and skills to manage these patients. The use of sedatives and analgesics places a great deal of responsibility on critical care nurses and they must understand how the drugs work , complications of their use and how to monitor effectiveness staff must understand sedation does not equate analgesia (Ashley and Given 2003). The use of an appropriate pain assessment tool and management algorithm is essential for adequate pain management. Since undertaking this study, it is of interest to note that our practice emergence nurse and the specialist pain nurse for ICU ,have jointly develope d a behavioural pain assessment scale similar to the BPS and CPOT scale, and staffs are encouraged to use it routinely.I feel that my action plan and recommendations are to promote the use of the pain assessment tool by educating the nurses and emphasising the importance of this assessment to improve patient outcome. The need for education to van staff on how to use the tool would take both time and money. The NHS is already under extreme financial pressures and money for training is not readily available. However if an improvement in pain management was successful then patients stay may be shorter, thus having a skillful effect. I am also aware of the importance of not relying altogether on the assessment tools but the use of both good nursing assessment and assessment tools to improve optimal patient management, shortening the recovery time and reducing the likely hood of complications (Ashley and Given 2003). A sedated, ventilated, non-communicative patient is vulnerable and r elies completely on those providing care for them but as to their family at this anxious time. Education and training will improve patient care and ultimately patient safety which is paramount. Therefore I will take the knowledge and information I have acquired back to my clinical area as I have a duty to provide a high standard of practise and care at all multiplication (NMC 2008)