Pop Art Movement Essay

The word Pop nontextual matter is an abbreviation for Popular trick. The mention says it all. The Pop prowess movement precious to bring stratagemistic fruition back into the daily life of people. It was a reaction against abstract painting, which pop artists considered as too sophisticated and elite.Pop artistry emerged in the mid 1950s in England, simply realized its fullest potential drop in wise York in the 60s where it shared, with Minimalism, the attentions of the art ball. In Pop finesse, the heroic was re located with the everyday and the mass-produced awarded the same significance as the unique the disconnectedness between high art and low art was eroding away.The media and ad were favorite subjects for Pop Arts often-witty celebrations of consumer society. They admired the singular ar cardinalrks of Pablo Picassos P slowly with Wafers and Stuart Davis Lucky Strike. They also appreciated the work of marcel Duchamp whose ready-mades, as he called them, added a new sense of completion for the Pop artists. Marcel Duchamp was dismayed that the Pop artists appreciated his work. He stated, I threw the bottle wrench and the urinal into their faces as a challenge and now they admire them for their aesthetic salmon pink (Wikipedia, 2006).Pop Art had an unusual kind of history for a neo-day art movement it existed in the coupled States, England, California, and even in Canada. For the archetypal few years of its existence, and especially in impertinent York, Pop Art went relatively unnoticed. Eventual, recognition of Pop Art began in the early 1950s and slowly developed over the next few years. Pop Art developed closelyly because artists began to re-direct their attention to the possibilities of change.The term Pop Art was counterbalance used by the English critic Lawrence Alloway in a 1958 discommode of Architectural Digest to describe those paintings that celebrate post-war consumerism, defy the psychology of gazump Expressionism, a nd worship the god of materialism (Pioch, 2002). It was also related closely to Dada, an in front movement (largely French) that poked fun at the highbrow and serious nature of the art world and also used everyday objects and mundane subjects. Warhols rows of Campbells tins of tomato soup are equivalent to Marcel Duchamps bicycles and urinals placed in galleries.The artists began to associate more than often with bingle anformer(a) in the 1960s. In 1961, the Pop artists showed their work at the new(a) Contemporaries Exhibition. The discover of artists included David Hockney, Peter Phillips, and Derek Boshier. On the parvenu York side of Pop Art, such(prenominal) artists as Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, and Tom Wesselmann, began exploring their own aesthetic program.Through appear the 1950s and 60s, these artists gaind work that was deeply rooted in culture, both in the United States and europium. By 1965, when Pop artists showed their work at the Milwaukee art center, Pop Art had acquire swell up defined and regarded. It marked a re flake to acuate paintwork and representational art. It was an appreciation of theretofore-unappreciated objects and images of mass culture and ordinary commerce. The most historied of the Pop artists, the cult figure Andy Warhol, recreated quasi-photographic paintings of people or everyday objects.ReferencesWikipedia. jet-propelled plane (Duchamp). 27 November 2006.Wikipedia. celestial latitude 10, 2006. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_(Duchamp)Pioch, Nicolas. Pop Art. 14 October 2002. WebMuseum. December 10, 2006.http//www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/tl/20th/pop-art.htmlAndy WarholAndy Warhol was born Andrew Warhola on August 6, 1928, in Pittsburgh. He genuine his B.F.A. from the Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh, in 1949. That same year, he move to New York, where he soon became successful as a commercial artist and illustrator. During the 1950s, Warhols drawings were promulgated in Glamour and other maga zines and displayed in department stores. He became known for his illustrations of I. Miller shoes. In 1952, the Hugo Gallery in New York presented a show of Warhols illustrations for Truman Capotes writings. He traveled in Europe and Asia in 1956.In 1952 Andy Warhol had his low gear one-man show battle array at the Hugo Gallery in New York. In 1956 he had an central group exhibition at the renowned Museum of Modern Art.In the mid-sixties Warhol started painting daily objects of mass production deal Campbell Soup cans and deoxycytidine monophosphate bottles. Soon he became a famous figure in the New York art scene. From 1962 on he started making silkscreen prints of famous personalities wish well Marilyn Monroe or Elizabeth Taylor.In addition to painting, Warhol made several(prenominal) 16mm films, which have become underground classics such as Chelsea Girls, Empire and Blow Job (Andy Warhol Foundation, 2002). In 1968, Valerie Solanis, founder and sole member of SCUM (Society for Cutting Up Men) walked into Warhols studio, known as the grind, and shot the artist. The attack was nearly fatal. posterior this blackwash attempt the pop artist made a radical turn in his process of producing art. The philosopher of art mass production now worn-out(a) most of his four-spotth dimension making individual portraits of the rich and affluent of his time like Mick Jagger, Michael Jackson or Brigitte Bardot. Warhols activities became more and more entrepreneurial. He started the magazine Interview and even a nightclub. In 1974 the Factory was moved to 860 Broadway. In 1975 Warhol published THE philosophy of Andy Warhol. In this book he describes what art is Making money is art, and working is art and good trading is the trump art (Wikipedia, 2006).The artist began the eighties with the publication of POPism The Warhol 60s and with exhibitions of Portraits of Jews of the Twentieth atomic number 6 and the Retrospectives and Reversal series. He also created two cable television shows, Andy Warhols TV in 1982 and Andy Warhols Fifteen Minutes for MTV in 1986. His paintings from the 1980s include The Last Suppers, Rorschachs and, in a return to his first great(p) theme of Pop, a series called Ads. Warhol also engaged in a series of collaborations with younger artists, including Jean-Michel Basquiat, Francesco Clemente and Keith Haring.Following routine gall bladder surgery, Andy Warhol died February 22, 1987. After his burial in Pittsburgh, his fri odditys and associates organize a memorial mass at St. Patricks Cathedral in New York that was attended by more than 2,000 people.Two years later, in May 1994 the Andy Warhol Museum opened in his hometown Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania.ReferencesAndy Warhol Foundation. 2002.Andy Warhol Biography. December 10, 2006.http//www.warholfoundation.org/biograph.htmWikipedia. Andy Warhol. 10 December 2006. Wikipedia. December 10, 2006. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_WarholBauhaus SchoolThe Bauhaus School is a teach of throw founded in Weimar, Germevery in 1919 by Walter Gropius. Its signature modernist sprint, combine Expressionist art with the fields of architecture and design, was enormously influential throughout the world.The foundation of the Bauhaus occurred at a time of crisis and turmoil in Europe as a whole and particularly in Germany. Its establishment resulted from a confluence of a diverse set of semipolitical, social, schoolingal and artistic shifts in the first two decades of the twentieth century.After the Bauhaus moved to Dessau, a naturalise of industrial design with teachers and staff less antagonistic to the conservative political regime remained in Weimar. This school was eventually known as the technological University of Architecture and Civil Engineering and in 1996 changed its name to Bauhaus University Weimar.In 1927, the Bauhaus dash and its most famous architects heavily influenced the exhibition Die Wohnung (The Dwelling) organized by the Deutsche r Werkbund in Stuttgart. A study component of that exhibition was the Weissenhof Siedlung, a settlement or housing project. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe succeeded by Hannes Meyer, and then in turn Gropius.The Bauhaus art school existed in four different cities (Weimar from 1919 to 1925, Dessau from 1925 to 1932, Berlin from 1932 to 1933) and shekels from 1937-1938, under four different architect-directors (Walter Gropius from 1919 to 1928, Hannes Meyer from 1928 to 1930, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe from 1930 to 1933 and Lszl Moholy-Nagy from 1937-1938) (Wikipedia, 2006. When the school moved from Weimar to Dessau, for instance, although it had been an important revenue source, the pottery shop was discontinued. When Mies took over the school in 1930, he transformed it into a private school, and would not allow any supporters of Hannes Meyer to attend it.Under increasing political pressure the Bauhaus was closed on the orders of the Nazi regime on April 11 1933. The Nazi Party and other f ascist political groups had opposed the Bauhaus throughout the 1920s. They considered it a front for communists, especially because many Russian artists were involved with it. Consequently, many Weissenhof architects fled to the Soviet Union, thus alter the effect. Nazi writers such as Wilhelm Frick and Alfred Rosenberg called the Bauhaus un-German, and criticized its modernist styles. One of the main objectives of the Bauhaus was to unify art, craft, and technology (National Arts Centre, 2006). The machine was considered a positive element, and therefore industrial and product design were important components. Vorkurs (initial course) was taught this is the modern day staple fiber Design course that has become one of the key foundational courses offered in architectural schools across the globe. There was no teaching of history in the school because everything was supposed to be intentional and created according to first principles sort of than by following precedent.One of th e most important contributions of the Bauhaus is in the field of modern furniture design. The world famous and ubiquitous Cantilever chair by Dutch designer Mart Stam, using the tensile properties of steel, and the Wassily Chair designed by Marcel Breuer are two examples.ReferencesWikipedia. Bauhaus. 8 December 2006. Wikipedia. December 10, 2006. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BauhausNational Arts Centre. 2006. Eras and Isms Bauhaus. December 10, 2006. http//www.artsalive.ca/en/dan/dance101/glossary.aspLyonel FeiningerLyonel Feininger was born in New York City to German immigrant parents. He left for Europe in 1887 to field at the Knigliche Akademie Berlin under Ernst Hancke and art schools in Berlin with Karl Schlabitz and in genus Paris with sculptor Filippo Colarossi (Did you mean, 2006). He quickly established a character as one of the foremost political cartoonists in Germany before being offered a contract to produce caricatures for the Chicago Sunday Tribune, for which he crea ted one of his most famous strips in 1906, The Kin-der-Kids. He is also working as a caricaturist for several magazines including Harpers Round Table, Harpers Young People, Humoristische Bltter, Lustige Bltter, Das Narrenschiff, Berliner Tageblatt and Ulk. Feininger married Clara Frst, daughter of the painter Gustav Frst and they had two daughters. Later he had also several children together with Julia Berg and they later married.In 1907 Feininger dedicated himself to painting. On a visit to Paris he came into contact with Cubism and, with the support of Robert Delaunay, he began to develop a distinctive style of painting. He became a member of the Section door in 1912 and exhibited with the spirited Rider group the following year. He remained in Germany throughout the branch World War and in 1919 he was appointed master at the Bauhaus in Weimar where he taught until its closure by the Nazis in 1933. During this period he developed his woodcutting techniques. The Nazi exhibition o f Degenerate Art, however, persuaded him to return to the United States in 1937, and he remained in New York for the rest of his life.Famous for his Cubist paintings, Feininger was an immanent member of the Bauhaus school. Most recognizable for his Cubist architectural scenes, Feiningers seethe of art stretches to woodcuts, cartoons, drawings, pen and ink, and watercolor, depicting subjects ranging from people to still life to sketches of grace vistas. He made use of rhythmic interpretations of natural forms, studied the personal effects of transparency and prismatic planes, and used light to reconstruct elements from the real world (Art Industri, 2006).Feininger strove to transform in the mind and crystallize what one sees. Reality in his work does not rely strictly upon the representation of observed impressions but in the appropriation and transformation of perceptions into spatial and plastic, multidimensional pictorial structures. Feiningers work is built up of layers of pri smatic and crystalline forms, one higher up the other. Only their mutual interpretation produces the object, and it leads into the depth of the pictorial space rather than to its surface. Aside from the use of pictorial space for purely architectural depiction, the primordial innovation in his work is the creation of formal volume through the overlapping of color planes.Spatial depth and volume, intrinsic to Feiningers work, changed with his using as an artist. In his first paintings, compositions deal with earthbound energies trying to draw off them. Conflict between the aspiring verticals and the gravitating horizontals result in diagonal forms, exuding a dynamic ascent. As the war ended, the tension, which had held him since 1910, began to relax. His great seriousness gave way to a more serene and lyrical mood, softer and finer. In the pictures he created in the snatch half of the 1920s, Feininger achieved ever-greater calm and clarity of form.ReferencesDid you mean. 2006. L yonel Feininger. December 10, 2006.http//www.did-you-mean.com/Lyonel_Feininger_9c5f.htmlArt Industri. 2006. Lyonel Feininger. December 10, 2006. http//articons.co.uk/feininger.htmThe New York School The New York design avant-garde did not think in pure painterly terms, but drew their inspiration from protean notions of deficiency and function in this respect, they echoed not only European trends as be by De Stijl and El Lissitzky, but also elegant Modernists of an earlier era, like Raymond Loewy and Norman Bel Geddes (Art and Culture, 2006).In the hands of designers such as herb Lubalin, the quantum kernels of design letter forms themselves became objects of meaning. Just as phototypography appeared, liberating designers from metal type, Lubalin appeared in the late 50s with his own creative misuse of the new technology. He became known as a type basher, an experimenter who imbued individual characters with meanings of their own. In the process, Herb Lubalins name became synony mous with innovative advertising, as well as iconoclastic incase design and editorial content.The music business is often credited for the pagan foment of the 1960s, but the advertising world had planned pop cultural upheaval nearly a decade before. Leading the creative rotation on Madison Avenue was the agency Doyle Dane Bernbach, whose copywriters were the first to use cynicism and satire in the formulation of a new anti-advertising, which stimulated sales. The agencys enormously successful campaign for the Volkswagen Beetle lampooned the auto manufacturers static designs, the innate homeliness of the car, and the disingenuous marketing of Detroit-made cars. The ads made consumers smack as though they were in collusion with the advertiser, fellow skeptics who were in on the same joke. The rise of anti-establishment ad agencies such as DDB is chronicled in doubting Thomas Franks The Conquest of Cool, which chronicles the rebel talents in marketing that jump-started American co nsumerism at the dawn of the 60s.ReferencesArt and Culture. 2006. New York School Design. December 10, 2006. http//www.artandculture.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/ACLive.woa/wa/movement?id=357capital of Minnesota RandPaul Rand (born Peretz Rosenbaum, August 15, 1914-November 26, 1996) was a well-known American graphic designer, best known for his corporate logo designs. Rands education included the Pratt Institute (1929-1932), the Parsons School of Design (1932-1933), and the Art Students League (1933-1934). He was one of the originators of the Swiss Style of graphic design ( orbit of Design). Paul had correct his first career as a designer of media promotion at Esquire-Coronet and as an outstanding cover designer for Apparel Arts and Directions. Paul Rands book, Thoughts on Design, with reproductions of almost one hundred of his designs and some of the best words yet written on graphic design, had been published four years earlier a publishing event that cemented his international repu tation and identified him as a designer of influence from Zurich to Tokyo.Paul Rands first career in media promotion and cover design ran from 1937 to 1941, his minute of arc career in advertising design ran from 1941 to 1954, and his third career in corporate identification began in 1954. Paralleling these three careers there has been a overwhelming interest in design education and Paul Rands one-quarter career as an educator started at Cooper Union in 1942. He taught at Pratt Institute in 1946 and in 1956 he truthful a post at Yale Universitys graduate school of design where he held the title of Professor of Graphic Design.In 1937, Paul launched his first career at Esquire. Although he was only occasionally involved in the editorial layout of that magazine, he designed material on its behalf and turned out a spectacular series of covers for Apparel Arts, a quarterly published in conjunction with Esquire.Paul spent fourteen years in advertising where he demonstrated the importa nce of the art director in advertising and helped break the isolation that once surrounded the art department. The terminal thought of his Thoughts on Design is worth repeating Even if it is true that commonplace advertising and exhibitions of bad taste are indicative of the moral capacity of the man in the street, the opposing argument is equally valid. bromidic advertising catering to that bad taste merely perpetuates that mediocrity and denies him one of the most easily accessible means of aesthetic development.In 1954, the Museum of Modern Art cited him as one of the ten best art directors. This was the same year in which he received the gold ribbon from the Art Directors Club for his Morse Code advertisement addressed to David Sarnoff of RCA.By the time that Paul started working out of his Weston studio he was well known as a designer of trademarks. He had completed designs for several companies including Esquire, Coronet Brandy, and Robeson Cutlery. By 1955, the fates that continued to play a fortuitous role in channeling the Rand talent toward critical areas of design began to set the stage for his third major design career corporate identity. Thomas J. Watson, Jr., had come recently to the governing of the International Business Machines Corporation, and his search for a graphic designer to create the corporate image led to Paul Rand. The rest is design history.Towards the end of his life, Rand taught at several colleges and universities. He published childrens books with his wife, Ann Rand, which is notable for their blow over and youthful style. They lived for many years in Weston, Connecticut in a home of Pauls own design. Paul Rand died in 1996.ReferencesArea of Design. 2006. American Icon Paul Rand. December 10, 2006. http//www.areaofdesign.com/americanicons/rand.htmCoyne & Blanchard.2006.Pioneers Paul Rand. December 10, 2006.http//www.commarts.com/CA/feapion/rand/