Directed Independent Adult Learning Essay

line EssentialsPrinciples of Statistics (STA-201-GS) is designed to meet the of necessity of students in many disciplines and professions. The sciences, social sciences, and business ar increasingly make quantifi satisfactory methods. This scarper provides the tools and techniques needed to design studies that provide representative info for mathematical analysis and statistical interpretation. Topics pursue types of statistics, data representations (tables, graphs, and charts), measures of location and variation, opportunity concepts, continuous and discrete disseminations, self-reliance intervals, hypothesis mental screenings, and regression and correlation coefficient analysis. The stress of the course is on the application of statistical methods to real- ara businesss. In solving these problems, you ar required to represent the remove notation and formulas. Problems may be viewed as statistical studies, and as such you should be able to interpret results and vindicate conclusions. This course is in any case designed to measure your competency in quantitative reasoning/literacy, unriv exclusivelyed of the nine institutional learning outcomes. cover ObjectivesThe boilersuit objective of Principles of Statistics is to provide you with the skills needed to perform statistical computations and analyze data. TheseS-3skills shake up practical applications in many disciplines, including the sciences, applied science, and the social sciences. Upon terminate the course successfully, you should be able to CO1 Recognize basic principles of statistical design. CO2 Organize and retell data into tables, charts, diagrams, and graphs. CO3 answer for and interpret measures of central t arrestency and variation. CO4 Evaluate the likelihood a statistical inference is correct. CO5 yield concepts of the commonplace dispersion. CO6 Apply the appropriate procedures to test hypotheses. CO7 Examine associations amidst variables.CO refers to melody Objective.Required TextbooksIn addition to the Course Syllabus, you ordain need the by-line(a) schoolbookbook and solutions manual of arms to do the educate of the course. These texts ar available from the textbook supplier, MBS direct. Introductory Statistics, 9th ed., by Neil A. Weiss (San Francisco Pearson/AddisonWesley, 2012). ISBN-13 9780321691224 Students Solutions Manual to Ac community Introductory Statistics, 9th ed, by Neil A. Weiss (San Francisco Pearson/Addison-Wesley, 2012). ISBN-13 9780321691316Course StructurePrinciples of Statistics is a common chord-credit, twelve- week course consisting of six mental facultys. The mental facultys and their respective lapseics, textbook theatrical roles, and fourth dimension frame ar as followsMODULETOPICS school text SECTIONSWEEK(S)1The nature of Statistics descriptive Statistics1.11.4 2.12.5 3.13.41 2-32S-4SYLLABUS for STA-201-GS3 opportunity4.14.6 and 4.8 5.15.3 6.16.4 7.17.3 8.18.4 9.19.3, 9.5, and 9.6 10. 110.3 and 10.5 12.1, 12.2 and 12.3 13.113.4 14.114.4 15.115.44-54Normal Distri furtherions6-75Inferential Statistics8-96Measures of intimacy10-12Each staff in the computer program includes a brief description of the topics covered, a itemization of learning outcomes, puzzle away materials, and compose assignments. In addition to twelve indite assignments, the course requires you to take four modular tryzes and iodin net trial runination, and realize a utmost project. For details on the assignment schedule, see the Course schedule and the individual modules. Adhering to the schedule outlined in the Course cal determinationar should ensure adequate preparation time for the exams and timely completion of the course.scripted subsidizationsYou are required to roll in the hay twelve (12) pen assignments. Many of the create verbally assignments draw on case accept interchange exercises at the blockade of chapters with focus on application and data analysis. Click to view written appointee Grading Rubric. assignings should be com spotd electronically with a article processor, preferably use whatever equation editor comes with your word impact software. However, you may tame with your instruct to determine if distributewritten and s dismissned assignments are acceptable. (Important physical exercise the equation editor to butt in equations into your word-processed document, not to create the document itself.) When preparing your answers, recreate rate distributively exercise clearly by textbook section and exercise number. Be sure to include your name at the top of the paper, as well as the course name and code and the semester andCourse EssentialsS-5year in which you are enrolled. To pay for full credit for your answers, you moldiness show all work and include acquit solutions. tryzesThere exit be four modular quizzes for this course. The quizzes should be taken after you complete the reading assignment, online discussion, a nd written assignments for each module. There pull up stakes be several(a) number of multiple- picking challenges in each quiz, each worth one and only(a) point. The quizzes will be worth 100 points each. You have 30 to 90 minutes to complete the quiz and may take it only once. The quiz is an unproctored online quiz. It is open book, but not open respects. In this see to it you are permitted to engage only a scientific (nongraphing) calculator and the authorise textbook. last(a) exam testPrinciples of Statistics requires you to take a proctored online final examination examination. The final exam is three hours long and covers modules 5 and 6 of the course (textbook chapters 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14 and 15). It consists of twenty multiple-choice incertitudes. The exam is open book, but not open notes. In this regard you are permitted to use only a scientific (nongraphing) calculator and the authorized textbook. But you are not allowed to consult a solutions manual, notes of a ny pleasing (including graded or ungraded activities), or any other reference book sources or sources of information. The use of blank scratch paper for doing math calculations is permitted during online test administrations. For the final, you are required to use the Colleges Online Proctor Service (OPS). revel refer to the Examinations and Proctors section of the Online Student Handbook (see General Information field of study of the course ne twainrk site) for get on information about scheduling and fetching online exams and for all exam policies and procedures. You are strongly advised to schedule your exam deep down the first week of the semester. Online exams are administered through the course Web site. Consult the course Cal resi codar for the official dates of exam weeks.S-6SYLLABUS for STA-201-GS net ProjectYou are also required to complete a final project. This project will address a real world problem by calculating a study, collecting data, analyzing the data, and writing up the results. cod the concluding Project section at the end of this syllabus for further details.GradingYour final grade in the course will be determined as follows Written assignments (6 odd numbered) Written assignments (6 even numbered) essayzes (4) terminal examination Final project 18 percentage 30 percent 12 percent 20 percent 20 percentTo receive credit for the course, you must earn a letter grade of D or higher on the weighted average of all depute course work (e.g., exams, assignments, projects, papers, etc.). You will receive a score of 0 for any work not classifyted. Letter grades for assignments and exams equate to numerical grades as follows 93100 9092 8889 8387 8082 A A B+ B B 7879 7377 7072 6069 Below 60 (fail) C+ C C D FStrategies for SuccessTo succeed in this course, consider following the preliminary steps and study tips outlined below.Course EssentialsS-7Preliminary move 1. Read the entire Course Essentials section of the syllabus, making sur e that all aspects of the course are clear to you and that you have all the materials required for the course. 2. prevail the time to read the entire Student Handbook section of the course manual. The heapbook answers many questions about how to proceed through the course, how to schedule examinations and make for proctors, and how to get the most from your educational experience at Thomas Edison submit College. 3. Each week consult the Course calendar in the syllabus to determine the sections in the textbook you are to study. The calendar also indicates the ascribable dates forsubmitting written assignments and when you should schedule your examinations. It is essential that you follow the calendar each week to ensure that you stay on track throughout the course. 4. Begin your study of statistics by reading the preface to the textbook. This will give you background on the subject matter, as well as an understanding of how the text is unionized and a description of other materi als available to you. field TipsCompleting Assignment staffs To complete the assignment modules efficiently and effectively, consider following these steps 1. drive the assigned sections in the textbook. Note body of working the material in the text requires that you not only read but also work through the illustrative theoretical accounts. As you study the assigned material in the text, note the highlighted definitions, key facts, formulas, and procedures. 2. Do the self-check pull exercises recommended in each module, and check your answers with the solutions in the Students Solutions Manual. These self-check exercises and solutions provide practice and models for modular quizzes and the final exam. 3. get up to the Written Assignment(s) at the end of each module and complete the exercises thitherin. shit assignments in an organized way, leaving space on your paper for your mentors comments and corrections. Draw graphs accurately using electronic software whenever asserta ble or graph paper (which you raft then scan and insert into your assignment. Show all work, and use statistical notation and formulas appropriately (see written report TipsThe Language of Statistics, below). subjugate the assignment to your mentor by the due date.cogitation TipsPreparing for Examinations To prepare for the examinations, consider following these stepsS-8SYLLABUS for STA-201-GS1. brushup the breeding Outcomes for each assignment module. 2. come off the key terms listed in the Chapter Review sections of the textbook. 3. Review your assignments and the corrections and comments provided by your mentor. Examination questions will be convertible to assigned exercises. psychoanalyse TipsThe Language of Statistics As you begin to read the textbook, you will quickly discover that learning statistics involves learning a new language. As in all mathematics, the language of statistics consists of symbols and formulas that provide a brusque pass for words, phrases, and s entences. majuscule letters (X), for example, refer to data in a state (a universe parameter), whereas lowercase letters (x) refer to data in a ideal (a experiment statistic). Other symbols serve as shorthand expressions for various measures. And Greek letters (e.g., , , and ) are also part of the notation. In statistics we use symbols to fleet results, and we combine these symbols into formulas (mathematical sentences) that define how to use the data to obtain the desired results. These are the conventions of statistics, and you will be expected to use the appropriate symbols and formulas when presenting solutions to exercises. As you study each section in the textbook and encounter new symbols and formulas, you may want to write them down in a list, along with their meat (in the case of a symbol) or description (in the case of a formula). To exemplify Symbol/Formula X x Meaning/Description utterance in a population Observation in a essay Population symbolise Sample mean Population well-worn going Summation Number of items in a population Number of items in a consume (lowercase Greek mu)x (lowercase Greek sigma) (uppercase Greek sigma) N nCourse EssentialsS-9xx nFormula for standard meanIn the sample list given above, note the use of uppercase and lowercase letters in the notation of population (parameter) and sample (statistic), respectively. Be sensitive to population versus sample data and results, and do not confuse the notation. A list like the one illustrated above may provide a handy reference as you proceed through the course and perhaps help you focus on essential points when you prepare for the exams. Including a cross reference to pages in the text may also be helpful.S-10SYLLABUS for STA-201-GSCourse Calendar development the table of week-by-week dates in the General Course Instructions section of the course manual, write the dates for the true semester in the second column. In the last column, fill in the echt date for submittin g each assignment and taking examinations.MODULE trothSTEXTBOOK SECTIONS create verbally ASSIGNMENT/ screen/ examenINATIONDUE DATE/ EXAM DATE staff 1The Nature of Statistics 1 1.11.4 WA1 and WA2 and Quiz 1 Submit by sunshine of Week 1 mental faculty 2Descriptive Statistics 2 3 2.12.5 3.13.4 4.14.6 and 4.8 WA3 Submit by Sunday of Week 2 WA4 and Quiz 2 Submit by Sunday of Week 3 staff 3Probability 4 5 4.14.6 and 4.8 5.15.3 WA5 Submit by Sundayof Week 4 WA6 and Quiz 3 Submit by Sunday of Week 5 faculty 4 Normal Distributions 6 7 6.16.4 7.17.3 WA7 Submit by Sunday of Week 6 WA8 and Quiz 4 Submit by Sunday of Week 7 staff 5Inferential Statistics 8 9 8.18.4 9.19.3, 9.5, and 9.6 10.110.3 and 10.5 12.1, 12.2 and 12.3 WA9 Submit by Sunday of Week 8 WA10 Submit by Sunday of Week 9Module 6Measures of Association 10 11 12 13.113.4 14.114.4 15.115.4 Review WA11 Submit by Sunday of Week 10 WA12 Submit by Sunday of Week 11 Final ProjectS-11MODULEDATESTEXTBOOK SECTIONSWRITTEN ASSIGNMENT/ Quiz/E XAMINATIONDUE DATE/ EXAM DATESubmit by Saturday of Week 12 Final Examination (Modules 56, chapters 8, 9, 10, and 1215 bring your textbook and a scientific calculator, but not your solutions manual or any other notes) beguile remember to submit your DIAL Course EvaluationS-12SYLLABUS for STA-201-GSmoduleThe Nature of StatisticsTOPICSModule 1 covers the following topics statistics basics sample vs. population haphazard sampling experimental designOBJECTIVES afterwards successfully completing Module 1, you should be able to MO1.1 Recognize the difference between sample and population. (CO1) MO1.2 Explain the concept of sampling. (CO1) MO1.3 Recognize the components of experimental design. (CO1) Note MO refers to Module Objective. muse MATERIALSTextbook ReadingsStudy sections 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, and 1.4 in the textbook.ACTIVITIESModule 1 has deuce written assignments and one modular quiz. gratify consult the course Calendar for the due dates.Written Assignment 1S-13Write a short intr oduction of yourself and your interest in statistics and provide an example you use statistics in everyday life.Written Assignment 2This written assignment draws on case study discussion exercises at the end of chapter. When preparing your assignment, please nominate each answer clearly by question and its number. Case Study Greatest American Screen Legends (p.31) Answer questions a, b, c.Quiz 1 and Self-Check work ExercisesAt the end of this module, you are required to take an unproctored online quiz. Quiz 1 contains five (5) multiple-choice questions base on colligate chapter(s) of Module 1. You can take it only once. To erupt prepare for this quiz, work through the following self-check practice exercises from the textbook first. therefore check your solutions with those in the Students Solutions Manual. Do not submit your solutions to self-assessment items to your mentor.Self-Check practice session Exercises 1.1 a,b (sample vs. population) 1.34 a,b,c (random sampling) 1 .62 a,b,c (experimental units)S-14SYLLABUS for STA-201-GSmoduleOrganizing and Describing entropyTOPICSModule 2 covers the following topics frequency table, stem and undulate plot histogram sample mean and median sample measurement deviation dissemination shape measures of central tendency measures of dispersion Five-number summary population parameters standard scoresOBJECTIVESAfter successfully completing Module 2, you should be able to MO2.1 Recognize types of data. (CO2) MO2.2 Group data into tables. (CO2) MO2.3 Use visualizations of data to improve communication. (CO2) MO2.4 let out a set of sample data using measures of central tendency. (CO3) MO2.5 Calculate measures of variation a set of sample data. (CO3) MO2.6 Recognize the difference between a statistic and parameter. (CO3) MO2.7 Convert data to standardized score. (CO3)STUDY MATERIALSTextbook ReadingsStudy sections 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, and 3.4 in the textbook.ACTIVITIESS-15Module 2 has devil written assignments and one modular quiz. please consult the course Calendar for the due dates.Written Assignment 3Write your response to the following question. We often hear you can lie with statistics. This is one way of saying statistics can be slow miscommunicated. Find one example of how statistics are miscommunicated and explain why there was a miscommunication and what you would do to correct this problem.Written Assignment 4The written assignment draws on case study discussion exercises at the end of chapter. When preparing your assignment, please identify each answer clearly by question and its number. In your own words, interpret the data and note the shape of the distribution of the data provided from Case Study Highest Paid Women (Chapter 2, p. 35). To help guide your interpretation, include the following frequency table, stem and leaf plot histogram sample mean and median sample standard deviation.You must manoeuvre results by hand (though you may u se any technology of your choice to verify your answers).Quiz 2 and Self-Check Practice ExercisesAt the end of this module, you are required to take an unproctored onlinequiz. Quiz 2 contains eighteen (18) multiple-choice questions based on think chapters of Module 2. You can take it only once. To better prepare for this quiz, work through the following self-check practice exercises from the textbook first. Then check your solutions with those in the Students Solutions Manual. Do not submit your solutions to self-assessment items to your mentor.Self-Check Practice Exercises 2.7 a,b,c (number types) 2.27 a,b,c (frequency tables) 2.71 a,b (stem and leaf plot) 2.75 a,b,c (histograms) 2.101 a,b (distribution shape) 3.15 a,b,c (sample statistics measures of central tendency)S-16SYLLABUS for STA-201-GS 3.73 (sample statistics measures of dispersion) 3.125 a,b,c,d,e (Five number summary) 3.163 a,b,c (population parameters) 3.165 a,b (standard scores)Module 2S-17moduleProbabilityTO PICSModule 3 covers the following topics luck outcomes basic probabilities events regularizations of probability conditional probability multiplication rule/independent events permutations combinations basic counting rule probability distributions discrete randomvariables factorials Bernoulli trials binomial distributionOBJECTIVESAfter successfully completing Module 3, you should be able to MO3.1 Apply principles of probability. (CO4) MO3.2 Recognize rules of probability. (CO4) MO3.3 Apply counting rules to probability. (CO4) MO3.4 Calculate the mean and standard deviation for discrete random variables. (CO4) MO3.5 Calculate Bernoulli trials. (CO4) MO3.6 Apply principles of binomial distribution. (CO4)STUDY MATERIALSTextbook ReadingsS-18Study sections 4.14.6, 4.8, 5.1, 5.2, and 5.3 in the textbook.ACTIVITIESModule 3 has two written assignments and one modular quiz. ravish consult the course Calendar for the due dates.Written Assignment 5 Write your response to th e following topic. Using probability How can you use probability to improve your chances of winning at a casino. Provide circumstantial examples using concepts learned in this module.Written Assignment 6The written assignment draws on case study discussion exercises at the end of chapter. When preparing your assignment, please identify each answer clearly by question and its number. Case Study Texas Holdem (p.209) Answer a,b,c,d,e,f,g. You must calculate results by hand (though you may use any technology of your choice to verify your answers).Quiz 3 and Self-Check Practice ExercisesAt the end of this module, you are required to take an unproctored online quiz. Quiz 3 contains ten (10) multiple-choice questions based on related chapters of Module 3. You can take it only once. To better prepare for this quiz, work through the following self-check practice exercises from the textbook first. Then check your solutions with those in the Students Solutions Manual. Do not submit your solut ions to self-assessment items to your mentor.Self-Check Practice Exercises 4.9 a,b,c (probability outcomes) 4.15 a,b,c,d,e (basic probabilities) 4.51 a,b,c,d (events) 4.69 a,b,c,d (rules of probability) 4.112 a,b,c,d,e (conditional probability) 4.135 a,b,c,d,e (multiplication rule/independent events) 4.181 a,b,c,d (permutations) 4.189 a,b,c,d (combinations) 4.195 a,b,c (basic counting rule) 5.7 a,b,c,d,e (probability distributions) 5.21 a,b,c (discrete random variables) 5.45 a,b,c,d (factorials) 5.51 a,b (Bernoulli trials) 5.61 a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,I,j (binomial distribution)Module 3S-19moduleNormal DistributionsTOPICSModule 4 covers the following topics shape of the traffic pattern curve properties of the regular curve area under curve z-score convening probability plots sampling distribution theory sampling mean standard error of mean sampling distribution of the sample meanOBJECTIVESAfter successfully completing Module 4, you should be able to MO4.1 Recogniz e the principles of the natural curve. (CO5) MO4.2 Calculate area under the curve. (CO5) MO4.3 Develop and interpret a normal probabilityplot. (CO5) MO4.4 Apply concepts of the sampling distribution. (CO5)STUDY MATERIALSTextbook ReadingsStudy sections 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 7.1, 7.2, and 7.3 in the textbook.ACTIVITIESS-20Module 4 has two written assignments and one modular quiz. Please consult the course Calendar for the due dates.Written Assignment 7Write your responses to the following topic. Outliers We know many types of data fall into a normal distribution with most of the observations falling toward the middle. However, sometimes data are outliers or data that are very different larger or smaller from the rest of the members of the sample. Think of an example in the real world of an outlier and discuss its effect.Written Assignment 8The written assignment draws on case study discussion exercises at the end of chapter. When preparing your assignment, please identify each ans wer clearly by question and its number. Case Study Chest surfaces of Scottish Militiamen (p.295) Answer a,b,c,d. You must calculate results by hand (though you may use any technology of your choice to verify your answers).Quiz 4 and Self-Check Practice Exercises At the end of this module, you are required to take an unproctored online quiz. Quiz 4 contains ten (10) multiple-choice questions based on related chapters of Module 4. You cantake it only once. To better prepare for this quiz, work through the following self-check practice exercises from the textbook first. Then check your solutions with those in the Students Solutions Manual. Do not submit your solutions to self-assessment items to your mentor.Self-Check Practice Exercises 6.23 a,b,c (shape of the normal curve) 6.48 (properties of the normal curve) 6.54 (properties of the normal curve) 6.55, a,b,c,d (area under curve) 6.59 a,b,c,d (area under curve) 6.71 (z-score associated with an area) 6.75 a,b (z-score associat ed with an area) 6.98 a,b (calculate z-score and find area) 6.123 a,b,c (normal probability plots) 7.2 (sampling distribution theory) 7.17 a,b,c d, e (sampling mean) 7.49 a,b (standard error of mean) 7.71 a,b,c,d,e (sampling distribution of the sample mean)Module 4S-21moduleInferential StatisticsTOPICSModule 5 covers the following topics point estimate effrontery intervals, population one mean margin of error t-distribution confidence intervals, sample one mean null, alternative hypotheses type I,II errors p-values critical values one tail critical values two tails pooled hypothesis variables pooled samples t-test confidence intervals pooled samples non-pooled samples t-test confidence intervals non-pooled samples paired t-test confidence intervals paired t-test one proportion z interval margin of error for p one proportion z test two proportions z test confidence internal two proportionsOBJECTIVESAfter successfully completing Module 5, you should be able to MO5.1 creation confidence intervals to make decisions. (CO6) MO5.2 Recognize errors in hypothesis testing probability plot. (CO6) MO5.3 Interpret p-values with hypotheses tests. (CO6) MO5.4 Determine if there is a difference between means. (CO6)S-22STUDY MATERIALSTextbook Readings Study sections 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.5, 12.1, 12.2, and 12.3 in the textbook.ACTIVITIESModule 5 has three activities. Please consult the course Calendar for the due dates.Written Assignment 9Write your responses to the following topic. Errors in testing Think of one example of a Type I and Type II error in everyday life and comment on the ramifications of those errors.Written Assignment 10This written assignment draws on case study discussion exercises at the end of Chapter 8. When preparing your assignment, please identify each answer clearly by question and its number. Case Study The Chip Ahoy 1,000 Chips Challenge (p.357) Answer a,b,c,e (NOT d). You must calculate results by hand (though you may use any technology of your choice to verify your answers).Module 5 Self-Check Practice Exercises At the end of module 5 and 6, you are required to take a proctored online final exam. To better prepare for the final exam, work through the following self-check practice exercises from the textbook first. Then check your solutions with those in the Students Solutions Manual. Do not submit your solutions to self-assessment items to your mentor. Self-Check Practice Exercises 8.4 a,b (point estimate) 8.32 a,b (confidence intervals, population one mean) 8.62 (margin oferror) 8.81 a,b,c (t-distribution) 8.93 a,b (confidence intervals, sample one mean) 9.6 a,b,c (null, alternative hypotheses) 9.22 a,b,c,d,e (type I,II errors) 9.50 a,b,c (p-values) 9.33 a,b,c,d,e,f (critical values one tail) 9.34 a,b,c,d,e,f (ciritcal values two tails) 10.9 a,b,c,d (pooled hypothesis variables)Module 5S-23 10.39 (pooled samples t-test) 10.45 (conf idence intervals pooled samples) 10.71 (non-pooled samples t-test) 10.77 (confidence intervals non-pooled samples) 10.142 a,b,c,d,e,f (paired t-test) 10.148 a,b (confidence intervals paired t-test) 12.26 one proportion z interval 12.34 a, b, c, d, e, f (margin of error for p) 12.66 a, b (one proportion z test) 12.93 a, b, c (two proportions z test) 12.99 a, b (confidence internal two proportions)S-24SYLLABUS for STA-201-GSmoduleMeasures of AssociationTOPICSModule 6 covers the following topics chi-square distribution goodness of fit test contingency tables chi-square assumptions chi-square test of independence analog equation definition graphing linear equations least squares cadence regression calculation and estimation sum of squares and r2 correlation definition correlation coefficient residual plot regression t-testOBJECTIVESAfter successfully completing Module 6, you should be able to MO6.1Recognize the characteristics of the chi-square distribution. (CO7) M O6.2 Determine if there is an association within a contingency table. (CO7) MO6.3 Represent the relationship between two variables as a linear equation. (CO7) MO6.4 Apply the regression equation to make predictions and alter data. (CO7) MO6.5 Recognize the characteristics of the the correlation coefficient. (CO7) MO6.6 Determine the strength of correlation between two variables. (CO7) MO6.7 Make inferences from the results of a linear regression. (CO7)STUDY MATERIALSTextbook Readings Study sections 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3, 14.4, 15.1, and 15.2 in the textbook.S-25ACTIVITIESModule 6 has three activities. Please consult the course Calendar for the due dates.Written Assignment 11Write your responses to the following topic. Association We know association does not imply causation, but what does this mean in your own words. Provide and discuss an example of two variables that are associated but not by a cause and effect relationship.Written Assignment 12This writt en assignment draws on case study discussion exercises at the end of Chapter 14. When preparing your assignment, please identify each answer clearly by question and its number. Focusing on Data Analysis Using the data from Chapter 1 UWEC Undergraduates (pp. 3031), and answer questions a,b,c,d,e,f,g (UWEC Undergraduates, p. 666). You must calculate results by hand (though you may use any technology of your choice to verify your answers).Module 6 Self-Check Practice Exercises At the end of module 5 and 6, you are required to take a proctored online final exam. To better prepare for the final exam, work through the following self-check practice exercises from the textbook first. Then check your solutions with those in the Students Solutions Manual. Do not submit your solutions to self-assessment items to your mentor. Self-Check Practice Exercises 13.1 (chi-square distribution) 13.7 a,b (chi-square distribution tables) 13.27 a,b,c (goodness of fit test) 13.45 a,b,c,d (contingency ta bles) 13.73 a,b (chi square assumptions) 13.76 (chi square test of independence) 14.1 a,b,c (linear equation definition) 14.5 a,b,c,d,e (graphing linear equations) 14.40 a,b, (least squares criterion) 14.52 a,b,c,d,e,f,g (regression calculation and estimation) 14.90 a,b,c,d (sum of squares and r2) 14.110 a,b,c (correlation definition) 14.124 a,b,c,d (correlation coefficient) 15.24 a,b,c,d (residual plot) 15.52 (regression t-test)S-26SYLLABUS for STA-201-GSFinal ProjectYou are required to complete a final project. Please consult the Course Calendar for the due date.Project DescriptionStatistics is about more than calculations. It is about turning data into information and using this information to understand the population. A statistician will be asked to help solve real world problems by designing a study, collecting data, analyzing the data, and writing up the results. As a final project, you will be asked to do something similar. Though the design and data solicitation will be done for you, you will be asked to analyze the data using the appropriate tests (ensuring the data are distributed normally) and write up the results, using statistical present to support your findings. Lastly, you will be asked to include recommendations, that is, apply the results to solve the real world problem. In your paper, explain why you chose each statistical test, figure, or procedure.The problemDue to financial hardship, the Nyke shoe company feels they only need to make one size of shoes, regardless of sexuality or crest. They have collected data on sexual practice, shoe size, and height and have asked you to tell them if they can change their business model to include only one of shoes regardless of height or gender of the wearer. In no more 5-10 pages (including figures), explain your recommendations, using statistical evidence to support your findings. The data found are below Show Size 5.00 7.50 9.00 7.00 11.00 12.00 14.00 7.00 7.50 8.00 10.50 Height 63 .00 70.00 70.00 64.00 72.00 72.00 76.00 66.00 71.00 68.00 71.00 Gender Female Female Female potent male person anthropoid virile Female Female Female MaleModule 5S-2711.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 10.00 12.00 6.50 10.50 12.00 6.00 6.50 10.00 9.50 11.50 14.00 6.50 13.50 7.00 9.50 13.00 11.00 6.00 7.00 7.5071.00 65.00 67.00 70.00 69.00 69.00 65.00 72.00 73.00 60.00 64.00 72.00 69.00 70.00 75.00 63.00 77.00 68.00 68.00 72.00 73.00 62.00 66.00 70.00Male Female Female Female Male Male Female Male Male Female Female Female Male Male Male Female Male Female Male Male Male Female Female FemaleOnly use results in the paper. You may show your work in an appendix, if you would like. Click to view Final Project Grading Rubric.S-28SYLLABUS for STA-201-GS